Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Bridge (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)

City of Philadelphia
—Consolidated urban center-canton  —
Flag Seal
Motto: "Philadelphia maneto" ("Let brotherly love endure")
Country	Us
Democracy	Pennsylvania
County	Philadelphia
Founded	October 27, 1682
Incorporated	October 25, 1701
Government
- Mayor	Jim Kenney (D)
Expanse
- Consolidated city-canton	142.6 sq mi (369.3 km²)
- Land	135.ane sq mi (326.144 km²)
- H2o	vii.v sq mi (nineteen.half-dozen km²)
- Urban	1,799.5 sq mi (4,660.vii km²)
- Metro	iv,629 sq mi (eleven,989 km²)
Elevation	39 ft (12 m)
Population (2016)[three]
- Consolidated city-canton	1,567,872
- Density	xi,685.02/sq mi (four,511.61/km²)
- Metro	6,069,875 (US: 7th)[one]
- CSA	7,183,479 (United states: 8th)[2]
- Demonym	Philadelphian
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
- Summertime (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Nix code	191xx
Surface area code(south)	215, 267
Website: http://www.phila.gov

Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and ranks sixth in population amongst cities in the United States. In 2007, the population of the city proper was estimated to be most 1.5 million, while the Greater Philadelphia metropolitan surface area was the fifth-largest in the U.s.a.. A commercial, educational, and cultural center, the city was once the second-largest in the British Empire (afterward London) and the social and geographical heart of the original 13 American colonies.

The city'due south founder William Penn named it Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love. As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could fully experience freedom of organized religion. To this mean solar day, a popular nickname for Philadelphia is the City of Brotherly Love, though it is often informally referred to every bit Philly.

Contents

• one Geography and cityscape
  • 1.1 Neighborhoods
  • i.ii Architecture
• 2 History
  • ii.1 William Penn's colony
  • 2.2 Nineteenth century
  • 2.3 Twentieth century
• 3 Law, government, and politics
  • three.i Politics
  • 3.2 Offense
• iv Economy
  • four.1 Medicine
  • 4.2 Media
  • four.iii Infrastructure
• five Demographics
• vi Education
  • 6.1 College education
• seven Culture
  • 7.1 Arts
  • 7.ii Sports
• viii Notes
• nine References
• 10 External links
• xi Credits

During the eighteenth century, Philadelphia eclipsed New York Metropolis in political and social importance. It was in this urban center that some of the ideas, and subsequent actions, gave birth to the American Revolution and Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. It was once the near populous city of the young United States and served as the nation's first capital.

Geography and cityscape

A simulated-colour satellite image of Philadelphia taken on NASA'south Landsat 7 satellite. The Delaware River is visible in this shot.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the urban center has a total area of 142.6 square miles (369.3 km²). Bodies of h2o in and around Philadelphia include the Delaware River and Schuylkill River, and the Cobbs, Wissahickon, and Pennypack Creeks. The everyman point is at sea level, while the highest point is in Chestnut Hill, ascent approximately 445 feet (136 m) above bounding main level. Philadelphia is located on the fall line separating the Atlantic Coastal Plainly from the Piedmont.

Philadelphia lies at the northern periphery of the temperate climate zone. Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and leap are generally mild, and wintertime is cold. Snowfall is variable, with some winters bringing moderate snow and others snowstorms. Almanac snow averages 21 inches (533 mm) Precipitation is mostly spread throughout the year, with eight to 11 wet days per month, at an average almanac rate of 42 inches (i,067 mm).

Neighborhoods

Philadelphia has many neighborhoods, each with its own identity. The big Philadelphia sections, North, Northeast, Northwest, West, South, and Southwest Philadelphia surround Center Urban center, which falls within the original city limits prior to consolidation in 1854. Numerous smaller neighborhoods within the areas coincide with the boroughs, townships, and other communities that fabricated up Philadelphia County before their absorption by the city. Other neighborhoods formed based on ethnicity, religion, culture, and commercial reasons.

Architecture

Row houses in West Philadelphia.

Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to Colonial times and includes a broad range of styles. The earliest structures were synthetic with logs, only brick structures were common by 1700. During the eighteenth century, the cityscape was dominated by Georgian architecture, including Independence Hall. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, Federal architecture and Greek Revival compages were popular. In the 2nd half of the nineteenth century, Victorian architecture was common. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built from the late 1980s onwards. In 2007, the Comcast Heart became the city's tallest building.

For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical habitation has been the row house. For a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known every bit "Philadelphia rows." There is a variety of row houses throughout the city, from Victorian-style homes in Northward Philadelphia to twin row houses in Westward Philadelphia. While newer homes are scattered throughout the city, much of Philadelphia's housing is from the early twentieth century or older. The age of the city'south homes has created numerous bug, which has led to blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city. Other neighborhoods, such as Society Hill, which has the largest concentration of eighteenth-century architecture in the Usa, have been rehabilitated and gentrified.

History

The Philadelphia area was the location of the Lenape (Delaware) Indian village Shackamaxon. Europeans arrived in the Delaware Valley in the early 1600s, with the commencement settlements founded by the Dutch, British, and Swedish.

The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading colony to featherbed French and British merchants. The New Sweden Company included Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders. The first Swedish expedition to N America embarked from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637. Part of this colony, called New Sweden or Nya Sverige, eventually included land on the west side of the Delaware River from just beneath the Schuylkill River: in other words, today's Philadelphia, southeast Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.

In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their victory in a war against the English province of Maryland. A serial of events led the Dutch—led past governor Peter Stuyvesant—to motion an army to the Delaware River in 1655. Though New Netherland now nominally controlled the colony, the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy a caste of local autonomy, having their own militia, religion, court, and lands. This status lasted officially until the English language conquest of the New Netherland colony in 1663-1664 and continued unofficially until the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.

William Penn's colony

Penn's Treaty with the Indians from The story of the United States by Marshall, H. East. (Henrietta Elizabeth)

In 1681, as role of a repayment of a debt, Charles 2 of England granted Penn a lease for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Part of Penn'southward plan was to create a urban center on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Despite already having been given the land, Penn bought the state from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony. Every bit a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely despite their religion. Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love (philos, "love" or "friendship," and adelphos, "brother").

Penn'southward plan was that Philadelphia would exist like an English rural town instead of a city. The urban center'south roads were designed with a grid plan, with the idea that houses and businesses would exist spread out and surrounded past gardens and orchards. Instead, the inhabitants crowded by the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots. Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing Philadelphia as a city. The urban center shortly established itself as an important trading center. A significant correspondent to Philadelphia at the time was Benjamin Franklin, who helped improve urban center services and founded new ones, such as the American colonies' first infirmary.

Due to Philadelphia's central location, during the American Revolution the city was used as the location for the First Continental Congress earlier the war, the Second Continental Congress, which signed the United States Declaration of Independence, during the war, and the Constitutional Convention subsequently the war. A number of battles during the war were fought in Philadelphia and its environs. The urban center served as the United States majuscule in the 1790s.

Nineteenth century

The state authorities left Philadelphia in 1799 and the federal government left soon afterward, in 1800. Philadelphia was still the largest urban center in the United States and a financial and cultural eye. New York City shortly surpassed Philadelphia in population, but structure of roads, canals, and railroads helped turn Philadelphia into the U.s.a.' first major industrial city. Throughout the nineteenth century, Philadelphia was home to a variety of industries and businesses, the largest beingness textiles. Major corporations included the Baldwin Locomotive Works, William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Industry, along with the Usa Centennial, was historic in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States. Immigrants, mostly German and Irish gaelic, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Human activity of Consolidation of 1854 which extended the metropolis of Philadelphia to include all of Philadelphia County. In the latter one-half of the century immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy and African Americans from the southern U.Due south. settled in the urban center.

Twentieth century

8th and Market place Street, showing the Strawbridge and Clothier department store, 1910s.

By the twentieth century, Philadelphians were seemingly content with the city's lack of modify or excitement, and single-party politics, centered on the metropolis'southward entrenched Republican political machine, allowed corruption to flourish in all parts of city government. The commencement reform came in 1917, when outrage over the murder of a police officer during that year'southward election led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council. In the 1920s the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the date of a brigadier general of the United States Marine Corps equally director of public safety, just political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting law-breaking and abuse.

After struggling through the Great Depression, World War II created jobs and brought the metropolis out of the Low. However, after the war at that place was a severe housing shortage. About half the urban center'south housing had been built in the nineteenth century, and many lacked proper facilities. Adding to housing problems was white flight, as African Americans and Puerto Ricans moved into new neighborhoods, resulting in racial tension. After a population top of over two million residents in 1950 the city'south population declined while that of the neighboring suburban counties grew.

Subsequently a five-yr investigation into abuse in city government, a new metropolis charter was drafted in 1950 that strengthened the position of the mayor and weakened the city quango. The first Democratic mayor since the early nineteenth century was elected in 1951. After ii early reform mayors, a Democratic political organization had established itself, replacing the Republican one.

Protests, riots, and racial tensions were common in the 1960s and 1970s. Gang violence plagued the metropolis, most of information technology drug-related . In the mid 1980s, crack houses invaded the city'southward slums. Confrontations between police and the radical group MOVE culminated when the police dropped a satchel bomb on their headquarters, starting a burn that killed 11 MOVE members and destroyed 62 neighboring houses.

Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the 1960s and continued with much of the development in the Center City and University Metropolis areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses had left Philadelphia or shut downwards, the city started alluring service businesses and to aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such equally Independence National Historical Park are at present among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the urban center'due south twoscore-year population decline after losing nearly a quarter of its population.

Law, regime, and politics

Metropolis Hall busy for the holidays.

The city is the seat of its own county. All county functions were assumed past the city in 1952, which has been coterminous with the county since 1854.

The city uses the "stiff-mayor" version of the mayor-quango form of government, which is headed past one mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor is limited to two consecutive four-twelvemonth terms under the urban center's home rule charter, but can run for the position once more subsequently an intervening term. The Autonomous Party tends to dominate local politics and then thoroughly that the Autonomous chief for mayor is often more noticeable than the general mayoral ballot. The legislative branch, the Philadelphia City Council, consists of ten council members representing private districts and 7 members elected at large.

Politics

From the Civil War until the mid-twentieth century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war. Subsequently the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, just the urban center was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). While other Northern industrial cities were electing Democratic mayors in the 1930s and 1940s, Philadelphia did non follow adapt until 1951. The metropolis is now ane of the most Democratic in the country, despite the frequent election of Republicans to statewide offices.

Philadelphia in one case comprised six congressional districts. Every bit a result of the city's declining population, it now has four.

Crime

Similar many American cities, Philadelphia saw a gradual yet pronounced rise in crime in the years post-obit Globe War II. Murders peaked in 1990 at 525. There were an average of nearly 400 murders a yr for virtually of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, and so surged four years later to 406. Out of the 10 almost populous cities in the Usa in 2006, Philadelphia had the highest homicide rate at 28 per 100,000 people. In 2006, there were 4,479.3 crimes per 100,000 people in Philadelphia.^[4] In 2008, Philadelphia was ranked equally the 22nd most dangerous American city. ^[5]

In 2015, co-ordinate to annual homicide statistics and law-breaking maps provided on the Philadelphia Law Section's website, at that place were 280 murders in the city. The same departmental site documents that the number of homicides vicious slightly the post-obit year, with 277 murders in Philadelphia in 2016, ascent to 317 in 2017.^[6]

Economy

Comcast Center, Philadelphia'south newest office building.

Baltimore Artery towards Center City.

The Inquirer Building on Due north Broad Street.

30th Street Station, with Cira Center in the background and statues on the Marketplace Street Bridge over Schuylkill River in the foreground

Philadelphia's economy is relatively diversified, with meaningful portions of its total output derived from manufacturing, oil refining, food processing, health care and biotechnology, tourism and financial services. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Philadelphia area had a full gross domestic product of $431 billion in 2016, the eighth-largest metropolitan economy in the United States.^[7]

The city is home to the Philadelphia Stock Substitution and several Fortune 500 companies, including cable television and Internet provider Comcast, insurance companies CIGNA and Lincoln Financial Grouping, free energy visitor Sunoco, nutrient services visitor Aramark, Crown Holdings Incorporated, chemical makers Rohm and Haas Visitor and FMC Corporation, pharmaceutical companies Wyeth and GlaxoSmithKline, Boeing helicopters partitioning, and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys. Early in the twentieth century, information technology was also dwelling house to the pioneering brass era car company Biddle.

The federal government has several facilities in Philadelphia besides. The East Declension operations of the United states Mint are based near the celebrated district, and the Federal Reserve Bank'southward Philadelphia division is based there equally well.

Medicine

Philadelphia is an of import centre for medicine, a distinction that it has held since the colonial menstruation. The metropolis is domicile to the offset hospital in the British Due north American colonies, Pennsylvania Hospital, and the kickoff medical school in what is now the United States, at the University of Pennsylvania. The university, the city'due south largest private employer, also runs a large instruction hospital and extensive medical organisation. There are also major hospitals affiliated with Temple University School of Medicine, Drexel University Higher of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, and Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Philadelphia also has three distinguished children's hospitals: Children'south Hospital of Philadelphia, (the nation'due south first pediatric infirmary located adjacent to the Infirmary of the University of Pennsylvania), St. Christopher'due south Infirmary, and the Shriners' Hospital. Together, health care is the largest sector of employment in the city.

In part because of Philadelphia's long-running importance as a center for medical research, the region is a major eye for the pharmaceutical industry. GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Wyeth, Merck, GE Healthcare, Johnson and Johnson and Siemens Medical Solutions are only some of the large pharmaceutical companies with operations in the region. The city is besides home to the nation's first school of pharmacy, the Philadelphia Higher of Chemist's shop, now called the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.

Media

Philadelphia'south two major newspapers are the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News, both of which are owned by Philadelphia Media Holdings LLC. The Inquirer, founded in 1829, is the third-oldest surviving daily paper in the United States.

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in Baronial 1912 to St. Joseph's Higher. The first commercial radio stations appeared in 1922.

During the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, which was endemic by Philco Corp, became the beginning boob tube station in Philadelphia. The station became NBC's first affiliate in 1939.

Infrastructure

Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authorization (SEPTA), which operates buses, trains, rapid transit, trolleys, and trackless trolleys throughout Philadelphia, the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery, in add-on to service to Mercer County, New Jersey and New Castle County, Delaware. The city's subway, opened in 1907, is the 3rd-oldest in America. Philadelphia'southward 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak'south Northeast Corridor, which offers access to Amtrak, SEPTA, and New Bailiwick of jersey Transit lines.

Since the early days of rail transport in the U.s., Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rails companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad.

Philadelphia, one time domicile to more than iv,000 trolleys on 65 lines, is i of the few North American cities to maintain streetcar lines. Today, SEPTA operates 5 "subway-surface" trolleys that run on street-level tracks in Due west Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center Urban center.

Ii airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Drome (PHL), straddling the southern boundary of the city, and the Northeast Philadelphia Drome (PNE), a full general aviation reliever airport in Northeast Philadelphia. As of March 2006, Philadelphia International Drome was the tenth largest aerodrome measured by "traffic movements" (takeoffs and landings), and was too a primary hub for Usa Airways.

Philadelphia is a major hub for Greyhound Lines, which operates 24-hour service to points e of the Mississippi River. In 2006, the Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal was the 2nd busiest Greyhound concluding in the United states of america, after the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York.

Demographics

Co-ordinate to the 2016 United States Census Bureau estimate, there were 1,567,872 people residing in Philadelphia, representing a 2.vii percent increase from the 2010 census.

Italian Market, South Philadelphia

Philadelphia skyline equally seen from the S Street Bridge

Philadelphia has the second largest Irish, Italian, and Jamaican populations and the fourth largest African American population in the nation. Philadelphia also has the fourth largest population of Polish residents. In recent years, the Hispanic and Asian American populations take significantly increased. Hispanics have settled throughout the urban center. Philadelphia is habitation to the third largest Puerto Rican population in the United States. Many Mexican immigrants take settled in areas effectually the Italian Market. At that place are an estimated x,000 Mexicans living in South Philadelphia. Mexicans and Guatemalans also accept settled in small communities in North Philadelphia. Colombian immigrants take come to the Olney neighborhood.

The Asian population was once concentrated in the city's thriving Chinatown, merely now Korean Americans take come to Olney, and Vietnamese have forged bazaars adjacent to the Italian Marketplace in South Philadelphia. Concentrations of Cambodian-American neighborhoods can be institute in North and South Philadelphia. Indians and Arabs accept come to Northeast Philadelphia, joining Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. This big influx of Asians has given Philadelphia one of the largest populations of Vietnamese, Cambodians, Chinese, and Koreans in U.s.a.. The Philadelphia region as well has the quaternary largest population of Indian Americans. The Westward Indian population is concentrated in Cedar Park. Germans, Greeks, Chinese, Japanese, English, Pakistanis, Iranians, and besides immigrants from the erstwhile Yugoslavia along with other ethnic groups tin can be found throughout the city.

Teaching

Pedagogy in Philadelphia is provided past many individual and public institutions. The School District of Philadelphia runs the city's public schools. The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the Usa with 210,432 students in 346 public and charter schools.

College didactics

Philadelphia is one of the largest college towns in the U.s. and has the second-largest student concentration on the Eastward Coast, with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled inside the metropolis and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area. There are over 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region. The urban center contains three major research universities: the Academy of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, and Temple Academy.

Culture

Philadelphia contains many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the U.s.. Independence National Historical Park is the middle of these historical landmarks. Independence Hall, where the Announcement of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's virtually famous attractions. Other historic sites include homes for Edgar Allan Poe, Betsy Ross, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko.

Philadelphia's major scientific discipline museums include the Franklin Institute, the Academy of Natural Sciences, and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum, and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo and hospital.

Arts

Ii statues, The Amazon and Rocky, outside the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Philadelphia sculptor James Peniston'south Keys To Customs in the Old City neighborhood, one of the city's many public artworks featuring images of Benjamin Franklin

The city contains many art museums such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Barnes Foundation, and the Rodin Museum, the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France. The Philadelphia Museum of Art is i of the largest art museums in the The states. The city is also home to a profusion of art galleries.

Areas such as South Street and Former Metropolis have a vibrant night life. The Artery of the Arts in Heart City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is dwelling to the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating venue, domicile to the Opera Visitor of Philadelphia.

Philadelphia has more public fine art than whatsoever other American metropolis. In 1872, the Fairmount Park Fine art Association was created, the outset individual association in the Us defended to integrating public art and urban planning. In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a United States urban center. The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art bureau.

Philadelphia has more than murals than whatever other United states of america city, thanks in part to the 1984 creation of the Section of Recreation's Mural Arts Plan, which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists. The program has funded more than than 2,700 murals by professional, staff, and volunteer artists.

Philadelphia has had a prominent role in music. In the 1970s, Philadelphia soul influenced the music of that and later eras.

Sports

Philadelphia has a long history of professional person sports teams, and is one of xiii United States cities to accept all 4 major sports: the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football game League, the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball, and the Philadelphia 76ers in the National Basketball Association.

Philadelphia is also known for the Philadelphia Big five, a grouping of v Division I higher basketball programs: Saint Joseph's Academy, University of Pennsylvania, La Salle University, Temple University, and Villanova Academy. The sixth NCAA Sectionalisation I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University. At least one of the teams is competitive nearly every year and at to the lowest degree one team has made the NCAA tournament for the by four decades.

In February 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles won the NFL 2017 season Super Bowl.

Notes

1. ↑ Estimates of Resident Population Alter and Rankings: July 1, 2014 to July i, 2015 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February five, 2018.
2. ↑ Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings: July 1, 2014 to July 1, 2015 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico. U.S. Demography Bureau. Retrieved February five, 2018.
3. ↑ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of fifty,000 or More, Ranked past July 1, 2015 Population. The states Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
4. ↑ AreaConnect. Philadelphia PA Crime Statistics (2006 Crime Information) Retrieved February five, 2018.
5. ↑ CQ Printing. 2008 Criminal offence Rankings Retrieved February v, 2018.
6. ↑ Crime Maps & Stats Philadelphia Law Department. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
7. ↑ U.S. Agency of Economic Assay, Gross Domestic Production past Metropolitan Surface area, 2016, September 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

References

ISBN links back up NWE through referral fees

• Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle at Philadelphia: the story of the Ramble Convention, May to September 1787. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966. ISBN 978-0316103985
• Countryman, Matthew. Up s: civil rights and Black power in Philadelphia. Politics and culture in modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0812220025
• Wolfinger, James. Philadelphia divided: race & politics in the City of Brotherly Love. Chapel Hill: University of N Carolina Printing, 2007. ISBN 0807831492

External links

All links retrieved March 19, 2019.

• Official Philadelphia government website
• Philadelphia history at Philly History
• Philadelphia Heart for Compages
• Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
• Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Agency
• Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation

Credits

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